Transcranial stimulation enhances beneficial effect of aerobic exercise on gait in Parkinson’s patients

The result was obtained in a study of 20 volunteers by researchers at São Paulo State University. The treatment is painless and uses a weak current delivered by electrodes placed over specific brain regions.

By Luciana Constantino  |  Agência FAPESP – Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can increase the benefits of aerobic exercise and improve the gait of patients with Parkinson’s disease immediately after a session. Step time variability decreases, reaction time shortens, and executive control of gait is enhanced.

These were the main findings of a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled crossover study of 20 volunteers by researchers at São Paulo State University’s Institute of Biosciences (IB-UNESP) in Rio Claro, Brazil. An article reporting the study is published in Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair.

The participants attended two 30-minute sessions of aerobic exercise (cycling at moderate intensity) one week apart, combined with different tDCS conditions, active or “sham” (placebo).

Cognitive functions and pre-frontal cortex activity while walking were assessed before and immediately after each session. Spatiotemporal parameters were also included in the analysis to assess gait variability, step length, and processing speed. 

“Compared with the pre-assessment, participants decreased step time variability, shortened simple and choice reaction times, and increased pre-frontal cortex activity in the stimulated hemisphere while walking only after aerobic exercise and active tDCS,” the article concludes. The authors were supported by FAPESP.

According to Rodrigo Vitório, a professor at IB-UNESP and last author of the article, an unbiased comparison was assured by administering active interventions and a placebo or sham treatment on separate days. Half the participants were given 20 minutes of actual tDCS followed by simulated tDCS for 10 seconds. The other half underwent the procedures in reverse order (sham followed by genuine treatment).

In tDCS, two small rectangular electrodes are attached to specific places on the head. The appliance is portable and battery-powered. The current is very weak (2 milliamperes) but sufficient to pass through the scalp and stimulate neurons in the region of interest.

“Despite the limitations of such a small sample size, we found that transcranial stimulation activated the pre-frontal cortex, a brain region that Parkinson’s patients use more to control gait than healthy individuals. A single session associated with exercise enhanced cognitive function and produced other improvements,” said Vitório, currently a Research Fellow at Northumbria University’s Faculty of Health and Life Sciences in the United Kingdom. 

In an interview given to Agência FAPESP, Vitório explained that one of the aims of the study was to explore the effects of tDCS in greater depth than previous studies by groups of which he was a member, which had already shown that aerobic exercise improves motor activity in Parkinson’s patients. “Transcranial stimulation is safe and has been found promising to potentiate the effect of interventions and treatments. It’s often prescribed for depression, for example,” he said.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 1% of the world population over 65 had Parkinson’s in 2019. The number of people affected is estimated at 250,000 in Brazil, where notification is not compulsory.

About Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, in which nerve cell damage in the brain causes a fall in levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in sending messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination.

When dopamine-producing neurons die, symptoms such as tremor, slowness, stiffness and balance problems occur. Medication is typically prescribed to conserve dopamine or replace missing dopamine in the brain, but can only control the symptoms, as the disease is incurable.

Parkinson’s patients have specific degenerations in brain areas involved in automatic control of movements and use attention resources to compensate for this deficit. In the study, aerobic exercise associated with tDSC enhanced the volunteers’ compensatory capacity.

The main symptoms of the disease are bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity in the wrists, elbows, shoulders, thighs and ankles, and resting tremor in the hands, with loss of balance in severe cases. Improving gait can lead to a better quality of life and avoid falls, for example.

Another research group at UNESP’s Bauru campus recently found that step length synergy while crossing obstacles is 53% lower in Parkinson’s patients than in healthy individuals of the same age and weight.

Step length synergy refers to the capacity of the locomotor or musculoskeletal system to adapt movement by combining factors such as speed and foot position while mounting the curb on to a sidewalk, for example (more at: agencia.fapesp.br/35563). 

The article “Aerobic exercise combined with transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex in Parkinson’s disease: effects on cortical activity, gait and cognition” can be retrieved from: journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15459683211019344?journalCode=nnrb.